Importância do diabetes mellitus na estratificação do risco de doença arterial coronária e risco cardiovascular global / Importance of diabetes mellitus in the risk stratification of coronary arterial disease and global cardiovascular risk

O diabetes mellitus é uma doença epidêmica. Os adultos portadores de diabetes têm taxas de doenças cardiovasculares duas a três vezes maiores do que aquelas observadas em adultos não diabéticos. O reconhecimento de que o diabetes é uma doença heterogênea em relação ao risco cardiovascular foi fundamental para a identificação correta dos indivíduos sob maior risco, os quais necessitam de tratamento farmacológico mais intensivo, e daqueles cujo risco é menor, em que o uso de medidas não farmacológicas isoladamente em uma fase inicial é opcional. Ferramentas para estratificação de risco mais precisas, uso apropriado de métodos de rastreamento de isquemia no paciente assintomático e indicação dos métodos de imagem são brevemente revisados neste capítulo. O tratamento de todos os fatores de risco inclui a moderna abordagem do paciente com diabetes, visando a redução de eventos macro e microvasculares. Descritores: Diabetes mellitus; Doença da artéria coronariana; Infarto do miocárdio; Acidente vascular cerebral.

Diabetes mellitus can be considered an epidemic disease. Adults with diabetes have two to three times higher rates of cardiovascular disease than those observed in non-diabetic adults. The recognition that diabetes is a heterogeneous disease in relation to cardiovascular risk was fundamental for the correct identification of individuals at higher risk, who require more intensive pharmacological intervention, and those at lower risk, where the use of non-pharmacological strategies alone in an initial phase is optional. More precise risk stratification tools, the appropriate use of screening methods for tracking ischemia in the asymptomatic patient, and the indication of imaging tests will be summarized in this review. Treatment based on global risk factor control includes the modern approach for the patient with diabetes, aiming at reducing both macro- and microvascular events.

Predictive Potential of Twenty-Two Biochemical Biomarkers for Coronary Artery Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

We investigated the potential of a panel of 22 biomarkers to predict the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) patients. The study enrolled 96 DM2 patients with (n = 75) and without (n = 21) evidence of CAD. We assessed a biochemical profile that included 22 biomarkers: total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, LDL/HDL, triglycerides, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, fructosamine, homocysteine, cysteine, methionine, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione, L-arginine, asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine, symmetric dimethyl-L-arginine, asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine/L-arginine, nitrate plus nitrite, S-nitrosothiols, nitrotyrosine, and n-acetyl-ß-glucosaminidase. Prediction models were built using logistic regression models. We found that eight biomarkers (methionine, nitratate plus nitrite, n-acetyl-ß-glucosaminidase, BMI, LDL, HDL, reduced glutathione, and L-arginine/asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine) along with gender and BMI were significantly associated with the odds of CAD in DM2. These preliminary findings support the notion that emerging biochemical markers might be used for CAD prediction in patients with DM2. Our findings warrant further investigation with large, well-designed studies.

Predictive Potential of Twenty-Two Biochemical Biomarkers forCoronary Artery Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

We investigated the potential of a panel of 22 biomarkers to predict the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in type 2diabetes mellitus (DM2) patients. The study enrolled 96 DM2 patients with (n = 75) and without (n = 21) evidence of CAD.We assessed a biochemical profile that included 22 biomarkers: total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, LDL/HDL, triglycerides, glucose,glycated hemoglobin, fructosamine, homocysteine, cysteine, methionine, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, reducedglutathione/oxidized glutathione, L-arginine, asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine, symmetric dimethyl-L-arginine, asymmetricdimethyl-L-arginine/L-arginine, nitrate plus nitrite, S-nitrosothiols, nitrotyrosine, and n-acetyl-𝛽-glucosaminidase. Predictionmodels were built using logistic regression models.We found that eight biomarkers (methionine, nitratate plus nitrite, n-acetyl-𝛽-glucosaminidase, BMI, LDL, HDL, reduced glutathione, and L-arginine/asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine) along with gender andBMI were significantly associated with the odds of CAD in DM2. These preliminary findings support the notion that emergingbiochemical markers might be used for CAD prediction in patients with DM2. Our findings warrant further investigation withlarge, well-designed studies.

Relevance of Target-Organ Lesions as Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus / Relevância de Lesões em Órgãos-Alvo como Preditores de Mortalidade em Pacientes com Diabetes

Background: Patients with diabetes are in extract higher risk for fatal cardiovascular events. Objective: To evaluate major predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A cohort of 323 individuals with type 2 diabetes from several regions of Brazil was followed for a long period. Baseline electrocardiograms, clinical and laboratory data obtained were used to determine hazard ratios (HR) and confidence interval (CI) related to cardiovascular and total mortality. Results: After 9.2 years of follow-up (median), 33 subjects died (17 from cardiovascular causes). Cardiovascular mortality was associated with male gender; smoking; prior myocardial infarction; long QTc interval; left ventricular hypertrophy; and eGFR <60 mL/min. These factors, in addition to obesity, were predictors of total mortality. Cardiovascular mortality was adjusted for age and gender, but remained associated with: smoking (HR = 3.8; 95% CI 1.3-11.8; p = 0.019); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 8.5; 95% CI 1.8-39.9; p = 0.007); eGFR < 60 mL/min (HR = 9.5; 95% CI 2.7-33.7; p = 0.001); long QTc interval (HR = 5.1; 95% CI 1.7-15.2; p = 0.004); and left ventricular hypertrophy (HR = 3.5; 95% CI 1.3-9.7; p = 0.002). Total mortality was associated with obesity (HR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-5.1; p = 0.030); smoking (HR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.0-6.1; p = 0.046); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.005), and long QTc interval (HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.017). Conclusions: Biomarkers of simple measurement, particularly those related to target-organ lesions, were predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes. .

Fundamento: Pacientes com diabetes apresentam-se em extrato de maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares fatais. Objetivo: Avaliar os principais preditores associados às taxas de mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: Estudo de coorte composto por 323 indivíduos com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2, de várias regiões do Brasil, acompanhados em longo prazo. Dados clínicos, laboratoriais e eletrocardiográficos foram obtidos no período basal e aplicados no modelo Cox de regressão, para examinar a associação dessas variáveis com as taxas de mortalidade e determinação de hazard ratio (HR) e intervalo de confiança (IC). Resultados: Após 9,2 anos (mediana) de seguimento, 33 pacientes morreram (sendo 17 por causas cardiovasculares). A mortalidade cardiovascular foi associada a gênero masculino, tabagismo, infarto do miocárdio prévio, intervalo QTc longo, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) <60 mL/min. Esses biomarcadores, além da obesidade, também foram preditores para mortalidade total. Após ajustes para idade e gênero, a mortalidade cardiovascular, manteve-se associada a tabagismo (HR = 3,8; IC 95% 1,3-11,8; p = 0,019), infarto prévio do miocárdio (HR = 8,5; IC 95% 1,8-39,9; p = 0,007), TFG < 60 mL/min (HR = 9,5; IC 95% 2,7-33,7; p = 0,001), intervalo QTc longo (HR = 5,1; IC 95% 1,7-15,2; p = 0,004), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HR = 3,5; IC 95% 1,3-9,7; p = 0,002). A mortalidade total foi associada com obesidade (HR = 2,3; IC 95% 1,1-5,1; p = 0,030), tabagismo (HR = 2,5; IC 95% 1,0-6,1; p = 0,046), infarto prévio do miocárdio (HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,005) e intervalo QTc longo (HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,017). Conclusões: Biomarcadores de simples mensuração, particularmente os que traduzem lesões de ...

Relevance of target-organ lesions as predictors of mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Patients with diabetes are in extract higher risk for fatal cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate major predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A cohort of 323 individuals with type 2 diabetes from several regions of Brazil was followed for a long period. Baseline electrocardiograms, clinical and laboratory data obtained were used to determine hazard ratios (HR) and confidence interval (CI) related to cardiovascular and total mortality. RESULTS: After 9.2 years of follow-up (median), 33 subjects died (17 from cardiovascular causes). Cardiovascular mortality was associated with male gender; smoking; prior myocardial infarction; long QTc interval; left ventricular hypertrophy; and eGFR <60 mL/min. These factors, in addition to obesity, were predictors of total mortality. Cardiovascular mortality was adjusted for age and gender, but remained associated with: smoking (HR = 3.8; 95% CI 1.3-11.8; p = 0.019); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 8.5; 95% CI 1.8-39.9; p = 0.007); eGFR < 60 mL/min (HR = 9.5; 95% CI 2.7-33.7; p = 0.001); long QTc interval (HR = 5.1; 95% CI 1.7-15.2; p = 0.004); and left ventricular hypertrophy (HR = 3.5; 95% CI 1.3-9.7; p = 0.002). Total mortality was associated with obesity (HR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-5.1; p = 0.030); smoking (HR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.0-6.1; p = 0.046); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.005), and long QTc interval (HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Biomarkers of simple measurement, particularly those related to target-organ lesions, were predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Relevância de lesões em orgãos-alvo como preditores de mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes / Relevance of target-organ lesions as predictors of mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus

Fundamento: Pacientes com diabetes apresentam-se em extrato de maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares fatais.Objetivo: Avaliar os principais preditores associados às taxas de mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2.Métodos: Estudo de coorte composto por 323 indivíduos com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2, de várias regiões do Brasil,acompanhados em longo prazo. Dados clínicos, laboratoriais e eletrocardiográficos foram obtidos no período basale aplicados no modelo Cox de regressão, para examinar a associação dessas variáveis com as taxas de mortalidade edeterminação de hazard ratio (HR) e intervalo de confiança (IC).Resultados: Após 9,2 anos (mediana) de seguimento, 33 pacientes morreram (sendo 17 por causas cardiovasculares).A mortalidade cardiovascular foi associada a gênero masculino, tabagismo, infarto do miocárdio prévio, intervaloQTc longo, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) <60 mL/min. Esses biomarcadores,além da obesidade, também foram preditores para mortalidade total. Após ajustes para idade e gênero, a mortalidadecardiovascular, manteve-se associada a tabagismo (HR = 3,8; IC 95% 1,3-11,8; p = 0,019), infarto prévio do miocárdio(HR = 8,5; IC 95% 1,8-39,9; p = 0,007), TFG < 60 mL/min (HR = 9,5; IC 95% 2,7-33,7; p = 0,001), intervalo QTclongo (HR = 5,1; IC 95% 1,7-15,2; p = 0,004), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HR = 3,5; IC 95% 1,3-9,7; p = 0,002).A mortalidade total foi associada com obesidade (HR = 2,3; IC 95% 1,1-5,1; p = 0,030), tabagismo (HR = 2,5;IC 95% 1,0-6,1; p = 0,046), infarto prévio do miocárdio (HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,005) e intervalo QTc longo(HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,017).Conclusões: Biomarcadores de simples mensuração, particularmente os que traduzem lesões de órgãos-alvo, forampreditores de mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in glucose intolerance (GI) compared to overt diabetes (DM2). DESIGN AND METHODS: 140 volunteers including 96 with DM2, 32 with GI and 12 controls (C) were studied. (*)NO metabolites, (*)NO synthase inhibitors, thiols and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity were analyzed by chemiluminescence, capillary electrophoresis, ELISA and colorimetric assay, respectively. RESULTS: (*)NO metabolites were higher in GI (NOx: p=0.03; S-nitrosothiols: p=0.001) and DM2 (p=0.006; p=0.0006) groups in relation to group C, while nitrotyrosine was higher only in the DM2 group in comparison to the other groups. NAGase activity was elevated in GI (p=0.003) and DM2 (p=0.0004) groups in relation to group C, as well as, ADMA (p=0.01; p=0.003) and GSSG (p=0.01; p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: (*)NO metabolites, (*)NO synthase inhibitors, thiols and NAGase are biomarkers suitable to indicate endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the early stages of impaired response to insulin.

[Study of the prevalence and multiplicity of cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive individuals from the city of Brusque, SC, Brazil]. / Estudo de prevalência e multiplicidade de fatores de risco cardiovascular em hipertensos do Município de Brusque, SC.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and multiplicity of additional risk factors (RF) in a population sample of hypertensive smokers, diagnosed and enrolled at the Hiperdia Program of the Ministry of Health, in the city of Brusque, SC, Brazil. METHODS: Determination of the anthropometrical parameters and laboratory variables recognized as cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: Elevated prevalence of RF in addition to systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and smoking, configuring the multiplicity that concurs with a marked elevation of the risk of cardiovascular events in this population sample. CONCLUSION: In hypertensive populations, the prevention, identification and RF control measures must be implemented; computerized programs such as the Hiperdia/MS can help in patients follow-up, allowing a more stringent multidisciplinary approach, especially regarding the analysis of the attainment of treatment goals and the subsequent decrease of cardiovascular risk.

Estudo de prevalência e multiplicidade de fatores de risco cardiovascular em hipertensos do Município de Brusque, SC / Study of the prevalence and multiplicity of cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive individuals from the city of Brusque, SC, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Investigar a prevalência e a multiplicidade de fatores de risco (FR) adicionais em uma amostra populacional de indivíduos hipertensos e tabagistas, diagnosticados e inscritos no Programa Hipertensos e Diabéticos do MS (HIPERDIA/Ministério da Saúde), no Município de Brusque, SC, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Determinação de parâmetros antropométricos e variáveis laboratoriais reconhecidas como fatores de risco cardiovascular. RESULTADO: Elevada prevalência de FR adicionais à hipertensão arterial (HAS) e ao tabagismo, configurando a multiplicidade que concorre com uma elevação acentuada do risco de eventos cardiovasculares nessa amostra populacional. CONCLUSÃO: Em populações de hipertensos, medidas de prevenção, identificação e controle de FR devem ser implementadas e programas informatizados, como o Hiperdia/MS, podem auxiliar no seguimento dos pacientes, possibilitando uma abordagem multidisciplinar mais criteriosa, sobretudo na análise do alcance das metas de tratamento e conseqüente redução de risco cardiovascular.